Single-atom spectroscopy of phosphorus dopants implanted into graphene
- Author(s)
- Toma Susi, Trevor P Hardcastle, Hans Hofsäss, Andreas Mittelberger, Timothy Pennycook, Clemens Mangler, Rik Drummond-Brydson, Andrew J Scott, Jannik C. Meyer, Jani Kotakoski
- Abstract
One of the keys behind the success of modern semiconductor technology
has been the ion implantation of silicon, which allows its electronic
properties to be tailored. For similar purposes, heteroatoms have been
introduced into carbon nanomaterials both during growth and using
post-growth methods. However, due to the nature of the samples, it has
been challenging to determine whether the heteroatoms have been
incorporated into the lattice as intended. Direct observations have so
far been limited to N and B dopants, and incidental Si impurities.
Furthermore, ion implantation of these materials is challenging due to
the requirement of very low ion energies and atomically clean surfaces.
Here, we provide the first atomic-resolution imaging and electron energy
loss spectroscopy (EELS) evidence of phosphorus atoms in the graphene
lattice, implanted by low-energy ion irradiation. The measured P L 2,3-edge shows excellent agreement with an ab initio
spectrum simulation, conclusively identifying the P in a buckled
substitutional configuration. While advancing the use of EELS for
single-atom spectroscopy, our results demonstrate the viability of
phosphorus as a lattice dopant in sp 2-bonded carbon structures and provide its unmistakable fingerprint for further studies.
- Organisation(s)
- Physics of Nanostructured Materials
- External organisation(s)
- University of Leeds, SuperSTEM Laboratory, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- Journal
- 2D Materials
- Volume
- 4
- No. of pages
- 7
- ISSN
- 2053-1583
- Publication date
- 02-2017
- Peer reviewed
- Yes
- Austrian Fields of Science 2012
- 103009 Solid state physics
- Keywords
- ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Condensed Matter Physics, Mechanics of Materials, Mechanical Engineering, Chemistry(all), Materials Science(all)
- Portal url
- https://ucris.univie.ac.at/portal/en/publications/singleatom-spectroscopy-of-phosphorus-dopants-implanted-into-graphene(64c35980-c4c9-4c2b-9aed-6e6504b3dbba).html